JRIIE

JRIIE

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Strategies to Improve the Implementation of Guidance and Counselling in Junior Primary Schools
Strategies to Improve the Implementation of Guidance and Counselling in Junior Primary Schools

Gladys ManzunzuMidlands State University, ZimbabweEmail: manzunzugladys@gmail.com Abstract: The study examined strategies adopted by teachers in the implementation of Guidance and Counselling in junior primary schools. This paper is based on my Phd studies and only presents one facet of it. Guidance and Counselling is an area that has recently gained traction in the primary school curriculum, hence, the need to upscale its implementation. An interpretive qualitative case study research design was utilized enabling teachers to share their experiences and thoughts in a naturalistic setting and allows the researcher to capture detailed, nuanced perspectives from teachers in the real-worldcontexts. Twenty participants […]

Mobile Money Usage and Financial Inclusion among Rural Households: Empirical Evidence from Bukombe District, Tanzania
Mobile Money Usage and Financial Inclusion among Rural Households: Empirical Evidence from Bukombe District, Tanzania

Dionysius Joseph MsilikareTanzania Public Service College, Tabora CampusEmail: dionymsilikare@gmail.com Abstract: This study examined the influence of mobile money usage on financial inclusion among rural households in Bukombe District, Tanzania. Specifically, it explored how mobile money enhanced access to savings and financial services, facilitated access to credit, and influenced household financial decision-making and resilience. Guided by Financial Capability Theory, the study employed a qualitative case study design. Data was collected from 25 purposively selected participants, including rural household members and mobile money agents, using focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that […]

The Causes of Alcoholism in Kabale, Rubanda and Rukiga Districts of Western Uganda
The Causes of Alcoholism in Kabale, Rubanda and Rukiga Districts of Western Uganda

John Bosco Turyasingura – Department of Management Science Moses Agaba – Department of Management Science Jesse David Kabagambe – Department of Business Studies Jasper Atukwase – Department of Procurement and LogisticsFaculty of Economics and management Sciences Turikanawe Francis – Department of Management Science Kabale University Email: jboturyasingura@kab.ac.ug/ magaba@kab.ac.ug/ jkabagambe@kab.ac.ug/ jatukwase@kab.ac.ug Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the causes of alcohol consumption in Kabale, Rubanda, and Rukiga Districts. The study used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques to provide a thorough understanding of the causes of alcohol consumption in Kabale, Rubanda, and Rukiga Districts. Data from 618 respondents was […]

Effect of Procurement Preparation on Contract Management in Kabale District
Effect of Procurement Preparation on Contract Management in Kabale District

Jamada Matende – Department of Business Studies Turyasingura John Boco – Department of Business Studies Agaba Moses – Department of Business Studies Arinaitwe Julius Byarugaba – Department of Business Studies Atukwase Jasper – Department of Procurement and Logistics Management Alice Ngele Mwazuna – Department of Business Studies Barigye Godfry – Department of Governance Turinawe Francis – Department of Business Studies Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences. Kabale University. Uganda. Abstract: Using a cross-sectional survey design, this study looked at how procurement preparation affected contract management in Kabale District. Data were gathered from 86 respondents and analysed quantitatively, supplemented by qualitative […]

Humanizing Pedagogy for Work Integrated Learning in Preservice Teacher Training: A Holistic Approach
Humanizing Pedagogy for Work Integrated Learning in Preservice Teacher Training: A Holistic Approach

Alice DhliwayoSolusi University, ZimbabweEmail: dhliwayoam@gmail.com Abstract: Humanizing pedagogy is a growing concept in this era of machine aided instruction to maintain the essential human face in education. Teacher educators become the locus of such innovation. This study explores the nexus of technology and compassion-based pedagogy in work integrated learning (WIL) preparation for preservice teachers. Through the lens of compassionate teaching framework, the study investigated how teacher educators humanized pedagogy through interplay of technologies and compassionate teaching practices within WIL context. Thirty (30) teacher educators from two teacher training colleges in the same province were used as population for the study. […]

Effect of Stakeholder Engagement on Project Success: A Case Study of Renovation of Amahoro Stadium in Kigali, Rwanda
Effect of Stakeholder Engagement on Project Success: A Case Study of Renovation of Amahoro Stadium in Kigali, Rwanda

Christian Hagenimana & Ruth OdengoUniversity of KigaliEmail: hagenichris@gmail.com /rodengo@uok.ac.rw Abstract: This study examined the effect of stakeholder engagement on project success, with a case study of the renovation of Amahoro Stadium in Kigali, Rwanda. The study objectives were: to examine the influence of project planning on project success; to analyse the effect of project execution mechanisms on project success; and to assess the effect of project decision making on project success. The target population was 150 project participants. The study applied Stakeholder Theory, Agency Theory, and the Resource-Based View (RBV). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used, employing Pearson correlation […]

Developing a Sustainable Crisis Management Model to Address University Student Unrest in Zimbabwe
Developing a Sustainable Crisis Management Model to Address University Student Unrest in Zimbabwe

Felix NjiniMidlands State University, ZimbabweEmail: njinif@sid.adventist.org Abstract: This study primarily aimed to develop a sustainable crisis management model to effectively address university student unrest in Zimbabwe. The research was motivated by the recurring nature of student unrest in both public and private universities, largely attributed to the country’s volatile socio-economic and political environment. The study adopted a constructivist paradigm under qualitative approach and qualitative descriptive research design with analytic generalization to explore the experiences of internal stakeholders and develop a model for sustainable crisis management of student unrest. Two universities were selected on pragmatic access grounds; within them, purposive sampling […]

The Paradox of Administrators in Managing the Implementation of the Heritage-Based Curriculum in Early Childhood Development Settings in Zvishavane District
The Paradox of Administrators in Managing the Implementation of the Heritage-Based Curriculum in Early Childhood Development Settings in Zvishavane District

Cleopas ZhouMidlands State University, ZimbabweEmail: r09608n@students.msu.ac.zw Abstract: This study explores the paradox of School Heads in managing the implementation of the Heritage-Based Curriculum in Early Childhood Development (ECD) settings in Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe. The Heritage-Based Curriculum (HBC) emphasises integrating local cultural heritage, indigenous knowledge and community traditions into early learning to foster identity, values and holistic development. Using a qualitative research approach and a case study design, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with five School Heads, ten Teachers-in-Charge (T-I-Cs) completed questionnaires and classroom observations were done in five schools in the target district. The findings indicate that school administrators face […]

Access to Education Through ODEL: Evaluating the Paradox of Inclusion and Exclusion among Marginalised Women and Subalterns
Access to Education Through ODEL: Evaluating the Paradox of Inclusion and Exclusion among Marginalised Women and Subalterns

Abigirl Lumbe & Mercy KurebwaZimbabwe Open UniversityEmail: lumbea@zou.ac.zw/ kurebwam@zou.ac.zw Abstract: The study delves into the paradox of inclusion and exclusion in Open and Distance e-Learning (ODEL) for marginalized women and subalterns. Grounded in Social Inclusion Theory, it sought to illuminate the myriad challenges these groups face in accessing ODEL. The research underscores the vital importance of addressing social, economic, and cultural barriers that hinder inclusivity in educational opportunities. Utilizing qualitative methods, the study involved in-depth interviews with 20 women selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Content analysis was also performed on admission records and registration statistics of active students […]

Effect of Capital Adequacy on the Profitability of Selected Commercial Banks in Rwanda
Effect of Capital Adequacy on the Profitability of Selected Commercial Banks in Rwanda

Yonny Pascal Ekwa MezuiUniversity of KigaliEmail: ekwamezui@gmail.com Abstract: This study examined the effect of capital adequacy on the profitability of selected commercial banks in Rwanda. Specifically, the study aimed to assess the effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio on bank profitability, examine the influence of Tier 2 Capital Ratio on bank profitability, and analyze the effect of Internal Capital Quality Ratio on bank profitability, while controlling for non-performing loans. The research adopted an explanatory research design using panel data methodology to analyze secondary data from eight commercial banks operating in Rwanda from 2018 to 2024. Bank profitability was measured using the […]

Effect of Observation-Based Assessment on Pre-Primary Two Learners’ Achievement in Environmental Activities in Public Schools in Nandi County, Kenya
Effect of Observation-Based Assessment on Pre-Primary Two Learners’ Achievement in Environmental Activities in Public Schools in Nandi County, Kenya

Kimalel Chepkoech Betty – Department of Early Childhood Development Education Audrey Matere – Department of Early Childhood Development Education Florence Boinett – Department of Curriculum Instruction and Media School of Education and Human Resource Development Kisii University Email: kimalelbetty161@gmail.com/ audreymatere@kisiiuniversity.ac.ke/ jepkosgei67@gmail.com Abstract: Despite the adoption of Competency-Based Education (CBE), evidence suggests that learners’ practical engagement and understanding remain limited. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of observation-based assessment on learners’ achievement in environmental activities. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, targeting a population of 810 head teachers, 1,085 pre-primary two teachers, and 6 Sub-County […]

Assessing the Effectiveness of Human Resources Retention Strategies on Employee Retention in the Ministry of Health Institutions in Gwanda Town, Matabeleland South Province in Zimbabwe
Assessing the Effectiveness of Human Resources Retention Strategies on Employee Retention in the Ministry of Health Institutions in Gwanda Town, Matabeleland South Province in Zimbabwe

Sikhathele Margaret Moyo & Dingindawo NcubeMatabeleland South Regional CampusZimbabwe Open UniversityEmail: margiemoyo@gmail.com/ ncubd@zou.ac.zw Abstract: The study sought to assess the effectiveness of the human resources retention strategies employed by the Ministry of Health and Child Care in health institutions Gwanda Urban in Matabeleland South province. The Ministry of Health and Child Care in Zimbabwe has experienced massive brain drain of employees such as doctors, nurses, environmental health technicians and the support staff in general to seek greener pastures in the private sector and in the diaspora, leaving health institutions in the country critically understaffed, leading to poor service delivery. In […]

Impact of US and Israel War against the Islamic Republic of Iran on Uganda’s Economy
Impact of US and Israel War against the Islamic Republic of Iran on Uganda’s Economy

Richard Wemesa Department of Management Sciences, King Ceasor University, Uganda Department of Applied Business Administration, Cornerstone University, Uganda Department of Research & Consultancy, the Uganda institute of Banking and Financial Services Department of Business Administration, Unicaf University, Uganda Email: richard.wemesa@gmail.com, richie.wemesa@gmail.com, wemesa@kcu.ac.ug, r.wemesa@uganda.unicaf.org, rwemesa@cu.ac.ug. Abstract: The paper explores the impact of US and Israel war against Iran on the Ugandan Economy. The military confrontation between US-Israel against the Islamic Republic of Iran started on 28th February 2026. The war received global attention due to the unexpected nature of attacks on both sides. The paper adopted qualitative research approach, (Ravitch and […]

Bridging Policy–Practice Gaps: Women’s Land Rights, Tenure Insecurity, and Sustainable Agricultural Land Management in Kenya
Bridging Policy–Practice Gaps: Women’s Land Rights, Tenure Insecurity, and Sustainable Agricultural Land Management in Kenya

Karen Nyamoita Magara, Peter Gutwa Oino, Vivian NyaataSchool of Arts and Social SciencesKisii UniversityEmail: nyamoita2016@gmail.com Abstract: Despite the proliferation of gender-responsive land policies and constitutional guarantees of equality, women in Kenya continue to experience constrained and insecure access to agricultural land, undermining both social equity and sustainable land management outcomes. This study examines how leadership and governance dynamics shape the persistent policy–practice gap in women’s land rights and its implications for sustainable agricultural land management. Anchored in the Feminist Political Ecology framework and enriched by classical anthropological perspectives on kinship, lineage systems, and customary tenure, the study employs a systematic […]

Sociocultural Practices and Senior School Transition: Pastoralist Community Perceptions in Turkana County, Kenya
Sociocultural Practices and Senior School Transition: Pastoralist Community Perceptions in Turkana County, Kenya

Joshua Napoco, Cyrus Muhanga & Hellen OpingoMasinde Muliro University of Science and Technologynapoco78@gmail.com/ muhanga88@gmail.com/ opingohellen@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-5351-6852https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6451-5799 Abstract: Pastoralist communities in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), particularly in the Turkana County, have extremely low transition rates between junior and senior secondary schools despite significant national initiatives of expanding access to education in Kenya. This research attempted to explore the sociocultural activities that act as impediments to senior school transition in Turkana County. A phenomenological research design was used in the study. This study concentrated on the experiences of parents, elders, teachers, and students based on the Ecological Systems Theory of Bronfenbrenner. […]

Quality Performance Assessement, Evaluation and Percieived Service Delivery in Private Universities in Central Region in Uganda
Quality Performance Assessement, Evaluation and Percieived Service Delivery in Private Universities in Central Region in Uganda

Francis Sengendo, Micheal Mawa & Frank Pio KiyinjiNkumba University, UgandaEmail: sengendofrancis2016@gmail.com Abstract: This study examined the influence of quality performance assessment and evaluation on perceived service delivery in private universities in Uganda’s Central Region. Grounded on Stakeholder, Expectancy, and Institutional theories, the research adopted a cross-sectional survey design involving 190 respondents from four purposively selected private universities. Findings reveal a strong positive correlation (r = 0.848, p < 0.001) between performance assessment practices and perceived service delivery, emphasizing the pivotal role of robust internal quality assurance systems in enhancing teaching effectiveness, research output, efficient student welfare, and effective community engagement. […]

Quality Curriculum and Perceived Service Delivery in Private Universities in the Central Region in Uganda
Quality Curriculum and Perceived Service Delivery in Private Universities in the Central Region in Uganda

Francis Sengendo, Micheal Mawa & Frank Pio KiyinjiNkumba University, UgandaEmail: sengendofrancis2016@gmail.com Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between curriculum quality and perceived service delivery in private universities in Uganda’s Central Region. Despite the establishment of the National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) in 2003 and the introduction of quality assurance frameworks and several statutory instruments to enable institution establish and maintain strong internal quality assurance mechanisms, concerns persist regarding outdated curricula, weak responsiveness to labor market needs, and declining quality of services in private universities . Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 190 respondents, including students, academic […]

Agroecological and Socioeconomic Determinants of Maize Yield Gaps in Liberalized Agricultural Systems: A Systematic Review
Agroecological and Socioeconomic Determinants of Maize Yield Gaps in Liberalized Agricultural Systems: A Systematic Review

Protus Wafula Barasa, Peter Gutwa Oino & Dennis MamboleoSchool of Arts and Social SciencesKisii UniversityEmail: protus.wafulabarasa@gmail.com Abstract: Maize yield gaps remain a persistent challenge in liberalized agricultural systems despite extensive policy reforms aimed at improving productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions. This study systematically synthesizes global evidence on the agroecological and socioeconomic determinants of maize yield gaps, with particular attention to smallholder farming systems in Kenya as an illustrative context. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework, a systematic review of 212 peer-reviewed and grey literature sources published between 2010 and 2025 was conducted. Data were retrieved from major […]

Resources Use Conflicts in Tanzania. A Case Study of Mirerani Tanzanite Mining Area in Manyara Region
Resources Use Conflicts in Tanzania. A Case Study of Mirerani Tanzanite Mining Area in Manyara Region

Simon Peter Kaaya – Ward Executive Officer, Bwawani Ward, Arusha District Council Nabahani Kimboka – Tengeru Institute of Community Development Email: kimboka83@gmail.com Abstract: Tanzanite mining in Mirerani, Manyara Region, Tanzania, represents a unique resource ecosystem where high-value gemstone extraction intersects with complex social, institutional and political dynamics. This study examined the root causes and dynamics of Tanzanite resource-use conflicts, employing a qualitative case study design to capture perspectives from 121 stakeholders, including small-scale miners, investors, brokers and local authorities. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and document review and analyzed thematically to identify recurrent patterns and relationships. […]

Effect of ICT Tools Integration in Teaching-learning Mathematics on Students’ Academic Performance in Upper Secondary Schools of Muhanga District, Rwanda
Effect of ICT Tools Integration in Teaching-learning Mathematics on Students’ Academic Performance in Upper Secondary Schools of Muhanga District, Rwanda

Frederic Niyongira – University of Rwanda, College of Education (UR-CE), African Centre of Excellence for Innovative Teaching and Learning Mathematics and Science (ACEITLMS) Email: fniyongira55@gmail.com Jean Baptiste Ndagijimana – University of Rwanda, College of Education & University of Kigali Email: j.ndagijimana2@ur.ac.rw & jndagijimana@uok.ac.rw Abstract: This research investigates the Effect of integrating ICT tools on students’ academic achievement in Mathematics at selected upper secondary schools in Muhanga District, Rwanda. Employing a mixed-methods design, the study targeted a population of 1,268 participants, comprising 1,243 students and 25 teachers, with a final sample of 303 students and 12 teachers drawn from 12 schools. […]

Institutional and Individual Support as Determinants of Academic Career Progression among Female Lecturers in Selected Public Universities in Uganda
Institutional and Individual Support as Determinants of Academic Career Progression among Female Lecturers in Selected Public Universities in Uganda

Phoebe Nabawanuka – School of Education, Kyambogo University Eric Dounglas Kalanda – School of Education, Kyambogo University Berna Lutaaya – School of Education, Kampala International University Email: dkalanda@kyu.ac.ug Abstract: Female lecturers in in public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) experience slow academic career progression. This qualitative study therefore explored the institutional and individual support that facilitates their advancement. Guided by the objective of examining how such support enables career progression, the study was anchored in Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) and informed by liberal feminist philosophy. A multiple case study design was adopted, with the two universities purposively selected. Participants were […]

Principals’ Management Strategies of Resources on Learners’ Academic Achievement in Public Secondary Schools in Nyamira North Sub-County, Kenya
Principals’ Management Strategies of Resources on Learners’ Academic Achievement in Public Secondary Schools in Nyamira North Sub-County, Kenya

Sylvia Kerubo, Beatrice Nyakan, Elijah OmosaKisii UniversityEmail: syliviakerubopamela@gmail.com Abstract: The study focused on the management strategies of principals on learners’ academic achievement, despite government funding being similar, schools in Nyamira North sub-county perform below average. The study was guided by two objectives: assessing the principal management of infrastructural facilities and financial resources on learners’ academic achievement. Systems theory was used; descriptive research design was employedd. Data collected by questionnaires and interviews schedule. The target population was 54 principals and 580 teachers. A sample size of 16 principals was purposively sampled, and 163 teachers were randomly sampled. The study used stratified […]

Empowering Informal Workers in Tanzania with an Automated Voucher Selling System: Co-design with Street Traders in Tanzania
Empowering Informal Workers in Tanzania with an Automated Voucher Selling System: Co-design with Street Traders in Tanzania

Joel RumanyikaCollege of Business Education (Dodoma Campus)Department of Information, Communication Technology and MathematicsP.O. Box 2077, Dodoma-TanzaniaE-mail: rummjoe@gmail.comhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6048-8947 Abstract: Street trading is a dominant form of informal work that sustains livelihoods in urban Tanzania. This study designed and developed an Automated Voucher Selling System (AVSS) to address challenges associated with the manual paper-based voucher system at Machinga Complex, Dodoma, including inefficiency, inaccuracy, fraud, insecurity, and environmental waste. The system design was guided by a Design Science Research (DSR) approach integrated with a co-design process. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with 31 street traders, followed by a focus group discussion […]

Why Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Declines among Teachers: Head Teachers’ Perspectives from Government-Aided Secondary Schools in Greater Bushenyi, Uganda
Why Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Declines among Teachers: Head Teachers’ Perspectives from Government-Aided Secondary Schools in Greater Bushenyi, Uganda

Precious Natureeba, Aloysius Rukundo & Sudi BalimuttajjoDepartment of Educational Foundations and PsychologyMbarara University of Science and Technology, Ugandahttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-1073-8268Email: natureebaprecious@gmail.com Abstract: This study explored organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) among teachers in government-aided secondary schools in Greater Bushenyi, Uganda, focusing on head teachers’ perceptions, experiences, and strategies for improvement. Guided by Social Exchange Theory and Organ’s OCB framework, the study examined how discretionary behaviours such as altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue are understood and practised within school contexts. Aqualitative descriptive research design was adopted, and data were collected from ten head teachers using key informant interviews. Data were analysed using […]

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Strategies to Improve the Implementation of Guidance  and Counselling in Junior Primary Schools
Mobile Money Usage and Financial Inclusion among Rural  Households: Empirical Evidence from Bukombe District,  Tanzania
The Causes of Alcoholism in Kabale, Rubanda and  Rukiga Districts of Western Uganda
Effect of Procurement Preparation on Contract  Management in Kabale District
Humanizing Pedagogy for Work Integrated Learning in  Preservice Teacher Training: A Holistic Approach
Effect of Stakeholder Engagement on Project Success: A  Case Study of Renovation of Amahoro Stadium in Kigali,  Rwanda
Developing a Sustainable Crisis Management Model to  Address University Student Unrest in Zimbabwe
The Paradox of Administrators in Managing the  Implementation of the Heritage-Based Curriculum in  Early Childhood Development Settings in Zvishavane  District
Access to Education Through ODEL: Evaluating the  Paradox of Inclusion and Exclusion among Marginalised  Women and Subalterns
Effect of Capital Adequacy on the Profitability of Selected  Commercial Banks in Rwanda
Effect of Observation-Based Assessment on Pre-Primary  Two Learners’ Achievement in Environmental Activities  in Public Schools in Nandi County, Kenya
Assessing the Effectiveness of Human Resources  Retention Strategies on Employee Retention in the  Ministry of Health Institutions in Gwanda Town,  Matabeleland South Province in Zimbabwe
Impact of US and Israel War against the Islamic  Republic of Iran on Uganda’s Economy
Bridging Policy–Practice Gaps: Women’s Land Rights,  Tenure Insecurity, and Sustainable Agricultural Land  Management in Kenya
Sociocultural Practices and Senior School Transition: Pastoralist Community Perceptions in Turkana County, Kenya
Quality Performance Assessement, Evaluation and Percieived Service Delivery in Private Universities in Central Region in Uganda
Quality Curriculum and Perceived Service Delivery in Private Universities in the Central Region in Uganda
Agroecological and Socioeconomic Determinants of Maize Yield Gaps in Liberalized Agricultural Systems: A Systematic Review
Resources Use Conflicts in Tanzania. A Case Study of Mirerani Tanzanite Mining Area in Manyara Region
Effect of ICT Tools Integration in Teaching-learning  Mathematics on Students’ Academic Performance in  Upper Secondary Schools of Muhanga District, Rwanda
Institutional and Individual Support as Determinants of  Academic Career Progression among Female Lecturers in Selected Public Universities in Uganda
Principals’ Management Strategies of Resources on  Learners’ Academic Achievement in Public Secondary  Schools in Nyamira North Sub-County, Kenya
Empowering Informal Workers in Tanzania with an Automated Voucher Selling System: Co-design with Street  Traders in Tanzania
Why Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Declines  among Teachers: Head Teachers’ Perspectives from  Government-Aided Secondary Schools in Greater  Bushenyi, Uganda
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The Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education (JRIIE), which is a subsidiary of Center for Research Implications and Practice (CRIP) is involved in research and publishing of Academic papers. Below you'll find some of the services that we provide.

Publication

The Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education (JRIIE) is a double blind peer review international journal which is published quarterly; that is March, June, September and December.

Conferences

We have organized several research conferences in different countries to address several pressing issues. We have had great success in them leading to publications and even mentorship.

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We have published hundreds of articles which has been made possible by the team of reviewers and researchers that have embraced JRIIE as a tool for publication, and are proud of what we have achieved together.

Open Access Policy

The Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education adheres to the open access publishing model. All original research articles published by JRIIE are made freely and permanently accessible online upon publication.